Science and global politics intertwine in the rivalry between lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides and lithium iron phosphate Cathode chemistry is central to EV competition: The electric vehicle battery market is largely shaped by a rivalry between lithium nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) cathodes, which deliver high energy density and long driving range, and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathodes, which are cheaper, safer and longer‑lasting but traditionally offer shorter range.