Anelisa Jaca

Submitted: 03 February 2026 You are already at the latest version Background: Although global immunization coverage has increased substantially, significant inequalities persist. Despite the availability of disaggregated data, inequality evidence is rarely translated into equity-oriented policy action. This gap reflects the weak integration between Health Inequality Monitoring (HIM) and Health Policy Analysis (HPA), which limits the use of data in immunization decision-making.

Methods and analysis Our scoping review will map and synthesise current information on the use of data science to explore the links between climate change and air pollution, particularly focusing on adverse health impacts in Africa, as well as identifying solutions. This review will use the Johanna Briggs Institute framework15 adapted from Arksey and O’Malley16 for conducting scoping reviews.

1. Introduction Vaccines are evidently one of the most cost-effective investments in health and development in history [1] that play a crucial role in preventing and controlling infectious diseases. They have led to significant reductions in morbidity and mortality for several decades [2,3], saving millions of lives yearly [4].