Anna Liisa Suominen

1 Introduction Evidence from non-experimental and experimental studies suggests that defence mechanisms against periodontal pathogens cause both local and systemic inflammatory responses (Luthra et al. 2022; Paraskevas et al. 2008). The strength of the inflammatory response, known as low-grade inflammation, appears to vary between individuals. Previous studies have shown that there is individual variation in response to periodontal treatment even in randomised controlled trials (Raittio et al. 2024).

1 Introduction Several modifiable risk factors for dementia (e.g., cardiovascular factors and sedentary lifestyle) have been identified and targeted in interventional studies (Kivipelto et al. 2018), but oral-health-related measures have only recently received much interest. Most published studies, however, have focused on tooth loss, reporting significant associations (Asher et al.

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