Anne Karen Jenum

Discussion To our knowledge, this is one of very few population-based studies of retinopathy in YOD, and the first to investigate how sex impacts the association between YOD and retinopathy. For both men and women, 10% of T2D had been diagnosed before age 40. Overall, 13% had a retinopathy diagnosis. After adjustments for confounders, OR for retinopathy was more than doubled in YOD compared with diabetes onset after 50 years of age, and men had 60% higher OR for retinopathy than women.

Education and vascular complications Upper secondary and higher education levels were associated with lower odds for CHD compared with compulsory education in unadjusted analyses on imputed data (table 2). After adjusting for age and sex (model 1) individuals with upper secondary education had an OR for CHD of 0.84 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.95) compared with those with compulsory education. In those with higher education OR for CHD was 0.58 (95% CI 0.49 to 0.70).

To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first population based study to assess both thinness and overweight in a multiethnic sample of children in Europe. We found strikingly different patterns of overweight and thinness among children of different ethnic groups at age 4–5 years. Compared to European children, children of Middle East/North African origin had almost the double risk of being overweight at 4–5 years of age. In contrast, South Asian origin almost doubled the risk of thinness.