Introduction In the European Green Deal, the North Sea plays a central role in reaching climate neutrality by 2050. The North Sea is envisioned as a hub (Thommessen et al., 2021) to (1) provide renewable energy from offshore wind farms; (2) produce green hydrogen generated by renewable energy; and (3) store CO2 and energy (e.g., H2, compressed air, or heat) in deep rock formations due to its large storage capacity and existing infrastructure (Lothe et al., 2019; NMPE, 2020; Osmond et al., 2022).
