Antonio Barletta

The human population, global economy, and technological developments have been growing exponentially in recent years, and this case has increased the need for energy more than ever [1]. However, fossil fuels, along with other non-renewable energy sources, have been used by 80 % of the energy sector to provide uninterrupted service [2]. Of the energy sectors, the transportation sector is also alone accountable for nearly 30 % of global energy consumption [3].

This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon. Open AccessArticle by 1,*,†, 2,†, 2,† and 2,† 1 Department of Architecture and Design, University of Genoa, Stradone S. Agostino 37, 16123 Genoa, Italy 2 Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. † These authors contributed equally to this work.