Arnab Barua

Abstract Population density plays a critical role in microbial fitness. However, its influence on pathogen colonization remains incompletely understood. Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) is a pathogen that plays a major role in periodontitis. It exhibits Allee-type growth and requires a quorum threshold to replicate. Yet, it is frequently detected at low abundance in vivo.

This version is not peer-reviewed. Arnab Barua  *,† ,Haralampos Hatzikirou  *,† Arnab Barua  *,† ,Haralampos Hatzikirou  *,† † These authors contributed equally to this work. Submitted: 03 January 2026 You are already at the latest version Cells adapt their phenotypes in noisy microenvironments while maintaining robust decision-making.

How Digital Forensics Are Different from Forensic Science, and in What Ways Can Artificial Intelligence Serve as an Extension of Digital Forensics Rather than Just a Tool Introduction What if a killer leaves behind no fingerprints, no weapon, and no DNA — only a locked smartphone and a trail of encrypted messages? In today’s digital age, crimes increasingly cross into cyberspace, where traditional forensic science grounded in bloodstains, bullet casings, and fingerprints struggle to keep pace.