Atrayee Gope

Keywords lactate immune regulation lactylation lactate sensing lactate signaling Introduction A recent PubMed search using “lactate” and “immune cells” as keywords returned approximately 2,700 publications from the ∼60-year span between 1953 and 2014, while strikingly, ∼3,500 publications have appeared in just the past 10 years alone (Figure 1).

Palmitic acid (PA) or palmitate is derived from a high-fat diet or is synthesized in the body in a seven-cycle process involving a series of condensation, dehydration, and reduction reactions. PA acts as a precursor for the synthesis of other long-chain fatty acids (FAs), phospholipids, and lipoproteins and constitutes 20–30% of the FA total in the phospholipid bilayer.