Barbara L.F. Kaplan

I. History of Animal Use, New Approach Methods, and Reduction, Refinement, and Replacement The use of animals for scientific purposes dates back to the 6th century BC, and their use throughout the intervening millennia continued to provide invaluable medical knowledge in human and animal anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and medical devices (Miziara et al., 2012; Choudhary and Ibdah, 2013; Ericsson et al., 2013).

Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative autoimmune disease with a complex and incompletely understood etiology that affects millions of people worldwide, and more commonly affects women than men.1–4 Current therapeutic measures used to treat MS have shown promise in reducing the severity of relapsing remitting MS, but most still fall short of preventing the long-term progression of disease seen in secondary and primary progressive MS.2,5 As a result, research continues to...

Cannabidiol History and Therapeutic Uses Cannabidiol (CBD) is a plant-derived cannabinoid that has structural similarity to the primary psychotropic congener in cannabis, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).