Bárbara Parreira

Population structure We constructed an unrooted haplotype network for all complete mitochondrial genomes (Late Pleistocene, pre-whaling Holocene, contemporary) individuals using the Median-joining network185 as implemented in PopART.90 Fixation index values (FST) were calculated by pooling individuals into 2,000 year time bins and splitting them into their two respective regions using Arlequin v3.5,91 using default parameters and an input file generated with DnaSP.

1 Introduction Conservation genetics aims at using genetic data to improve conservation decisions. It typically requires the sampling of natural populations from which genetic, and now genomic data are obtained and interpreted (Oklander and Soto-Calderón 2024). A first step consists in producing metrics such as the number of alleles and the observed and expected heterozygosities, and interpreting them using concepts from population genetics.

Abstract Gray wolves (Canis lupus) in Asia encompass most of the species’ global genetic diversity and many endangered populations. However, a clear understanding of the evolutionary history of wolves from many parts of Asia, especially southern regions, is lacking.