Barbora Trubenová

Abstract The emergence and spread of anthelmintic resistance represent a major challenge for treating parasitic nematodes, threatening mass-drug control programs in humans and zoonotic species. Currently, experimental evidence to understand the influence of management (e.g., treatment intensity and frequency) and parasite-associated factors (e.g., genetic variation, population size and mutation rates) is lacking.

Abstract Helminth infections, a significant global health concern, are effectively treated with anthelmintic drugs. However, the rise of anthelmintic-resistant strains in livestock threatens both animal and human health. Understanding the factors influencing anthelmintic resistance is crucial to mitigate the threat posed by these parasites.

Highlights Most of the mechanisms of biofilm recalcitrance proposed in the current literature can be modeled by adjusting pharmacodynamic functions. In biofilms, protection mediated by reduced penetration decreases the selection for resistant mutants, resulting in resistance evolution that is remarkably slower than in planktonic cultures.