1 Introduction Cell damage is a direct reflection of the effects of environmental pollutants on living organisms (Sheller-Miller et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2024), and is gradually becoming an effective way to detect pollutant concentrations. Pollutants enter organisms through water, atmosphere or soil, and then cause physiological damage to cells (Yang et al., 2024; Suzuki et al., 2020; Pereira et al., 2021), and the extent of this damage is closely related to the pollutant concentration.
