Brenden Herkenhoff

Submitted: 05 November 2025 You are already at the latest version Subscription Notify me about updates to this article or when a peer-reviewed version is published. This version is not peer-reviewed.

1. Introduction The formation flight of birds is a fascinating natural phenomenon that has intrigued researchers for decades. Birds have evolved to fly in formation in order to conserve energy, improve navigation, and enhance their overall survival during migration [1].

Loading metrics Open Access Peer-reviewed Research Article Abstract Elucidating the adaptations that promote flight in animals can aid the understanding of evolution and species divergence, and/or provide inspiration for aerospace engineering and the design of better aerial vehicles. The famed long-distance migration of monarch butterflies in North America still holds many questions and opportunities for inspiration.