An increase in workload causes the heart to enlarge. When this occurs in response to good stress (exercise or pregnancy), this is beneficial or adaptive hypertrophy; when this occurs in response to bad stress (high blood pressure or poor heart function), this process is pathological and contributes to heart failure. The kinase mTOR functions in two complexes: mTORC1, which promotes cell growth, and mTORC2, which promotes cytoskeletal rearrangements. Simonson et al.