Cangxiang Wen

All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.

Introduction Due to heavy industrialization, atmospheric concentration of CO2 in air has increased by an average of 100 ppmv since 1860s, and its emissions have reached approximately 34 billion tons per year [1]. To actively address global climate issues, more than 130 countries have proposed respective climate mitigation goals associated with “zero-carbon” or “carbon neutrality,” of which about 30 economies have adopted relevant legislation [2], [3].