Introduction Electric field (EF) biology, the influence of external electric fields on biological processes, or electrobiology, has long been a source of creative works (Nuccitelli, 1988; Yen-Patton et al., 1988; Hart and Palisano, 2017; Peng et al., 2021). Electric fields, voltage differentials, and membrane potentials are integral to cellular and tissue electrophysiology.