Chae Yoon Im

1 Introduction The energy density of rechargeable batteries is crucial for improving the driving range of electric vehicles. Anode-free Li-ion batteries (AFLBs) and Li-metal batteries (LMBs) are considered promising solutions for extending their driving range.[1, 2] Only a current collector (CC) is used on the anode side in AFLBs without any anodic active materials. Before cycling, Li exists only in the cathode.

1 Introduction Low-cost high-energy-density rechargeable batteries play a crucial role in facilitating the transition from conventional internal combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles.[1] Consequently, extensive research efforts have been dedicated to reducing the volume or weight of the anodes used in Li-ion batteries (LIBs) by engineering innovative anode structures. These efforts have yielded two promising frameworks, i.e., Li metal batteries (LMBs) and anode-free LIBs (AFLBs).