Chaehee Lee

Genome degradation in plant tissue culture Edited by James A. Birchler, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; received October 24, 2025; accepted March 9, 2026 Significance Plants can be clonally propagated in a variety of ways, and plant clones have been used in agriculture for millennia. The in vitro cloning of plants is a critical component of plant biotechnology, enabling transformation and gene-editing.

Introduction Tree nuts are the most carbon-efficient protein source of any food (Poore & Nemecek, 2018). Pistachios are also rich in unsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, and vitamins (Tsantili et al., 2011; Marvinney et al., 2014; Noguera-Artiaga et al., 2019; Polari et al., 2019; Mandalari et al., 2021; Derbyshire et al., 2023).

Abstract The butterfly-shaped keel flower is a highly successful floral form in angiosperms. These flowers steer the mechanical interaction with bees and thus are hypothesized to accelerate pollinator-driven diversification. The exceptionally labile evolution of keel flowers in Papilionoideae (Fabaceae) provides a suitable system to test this hypothesis. Using 1,456 low-copy nuclear loci, we confidently resolve the early divergence history of Papilionoideae.