thesis posted on 2025-06-03, 06:07 authored by Chalchisa Abdeta Tugu Background: In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) introduced guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep for children under five years of age. Most studies informing these guidelines originated from high-income countries, raising concerns as 90% of children in this age group live in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).