Changsen Wang

1. Introduction The participation of fermentation microorganisms is essential for the production of fruit wines. Fruit wine fermentation usually consists of two stages, i.e., alcoholic fermentation (AF) and malolactic fermentation (MLF). MLF is a secondary fermentation process that usually takes place during or after the completion of alcoholic fermentation, and is triggered by the activity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB).

Highlights • S. aureus leukocidins target DARC on endothelial cells to cause vascular dysfunction • Targeting DARC leads to organ damage during S. aureus bloodstream infection • Primary human endothelial cells are susceptible to S. aureus leukocidins • Leukocidins target host leukocytes, red blood cells, and endothelial cells Summary The pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus is thought to depend on the production of pore-forming leukocidins that kill leukocytes and lyse erythrocytes.