Chiara Barbieri

Abstract Africa harbors the richest diversity of mitochondrial DNA lineages, reflecting its central role in human evolutionary history. Early studies of mtDNA variation provided the first genetic evidence for the African origin of modern humans. With complete mitochondrial genome sequencing, we can now reconstruct maternal lineages with high resolution, yet large parts of the continent remain underrepresented.

Abstract Indigenous peoples of America represent the last principal expansion of humans across the globe1, yet their genetic history remains one of the least explored2. Although these populations have inhabited the continent for thousands of years3, their evolutionary history remains largely unresolved4,5, owing to the limited availability of genomic data.

Submitted: 19 January 2026 You are already at the latest version Background: Cubital Tunnel Syndrome (CuTS) is the second most common compressive neuropathy of the upper limb, traditionally associated with prolonged elbow flexion, trauma, or anatomical constraints. With the widespread adoption of smartphones, sustained upper-limb postures have emerged as potential novel risk factors for ulnar nerve compression.