Kazakhstan is one of the largest oil and gas producers in Central Asia, a significant producer of coal and a major energy exporter – but the markets surrounding it are shifting. In terms of oil production, the vast landlocked country is up against established and well connected heavyweights such as Saudi Arabia and the US, while competition in the gas market is more regionalised, with Russia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan as frontrunners. Its production remains on a sharp upward trajectory.