Advanced search Cognition and Instruction Latest Articles Submit an article Journal homepage Full Article Figures & data References Citations Metrics Reprints & Permissions Read this article /doi/full/10.1080/07370008.2025.2497240?needAccess=true Abstract In this paper, we provide a new framework to analyze the quality of oral and written argumentation based on the Aims, Ideals, and Reliable processes (AIR) model of epistemic cognition and practices.