D. P. Hughes

Introduction Breast cancer susceptibility gene 1/2 (BRCA1/2) is a kind of tumor suppressor genes involved in homologous recombination (HR) mediated repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which plays a pivotal role in the development of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer [1], [2]. Individuals with BRCA1/2 gene mutations have a 60% ∼ 80% risk of developing breast cancer and a 40% ∼ 60% risk of developing ovarian cancer by the age of 60 to 80 [3].

Under a Creative Commons license open access Key words bioengineering protein antimicrobial peptides broiler growth performance intestinal health INTRODUCTION Antibiotics are successfully used in animals for growth promotion, preventing diarrhea, and enhancing the immune function of the body for a long period (Kumar et al., 2005).

Parasites can manipulate the behavior of their hosts in ways that increase either their direct fitness or transmission to new hosts. The Kingdom Fungi have evolved a diverse array of strategies to manipulate arthropod behavior resulting in some of the most complex and impressive examples of behavioral manipulation by parasites. Here we provide an overview of these different interactions and discuss them from an evolutionary perspective.