1 INTRODUCTION Biodiversity is a multifaceted concept, encompassing genetic, species and ecosystem diversity (Gangle & Bhatnagar, 2023; Meza-Mori et al., 2025). Monitoring all components is challenging due to ecosystem complexity and interrelated elements (Singh, 2002). Next to this, biodiversity operates at various spatial scales, from field to global relevance (Burkhard et al., 2012).