David Cicero

Christi L. Traska Department of Psychology, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA;b Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USAView further author information Marina M. Matsuia Department of Psychology, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USAView further author information , Jonathan R.

Abstract Measurement invariance is an understudied topic in much of psychopathology research, but its effects have far‐reaching consequences. It has rarely been examined with respect to hierarchical models of psychopathology. He & Li’s (2020) study represents one of the first attempts to bridge the gap between relatively narrow focused studies on the psychometric properties of specific assessments with broader research on the hierarchical structure of psychopathology.

ABSTRACT We test the association between CFO effort and the quality of public firms' financial information environments. We evaluate this relation using a measure of CFO leisure consumption—specifically, the amount of golf played—as an inverse proxy for effort. We find a negative relation between CFOs' compensation incentives and golf play, suggesting they exert more effort when they have greater incentives to increase firm value.