Duidi Wu

1. Introduction Excavators, the backbone of construction, mining, and infrastructure projects, are transitioning from being manually operated to becoming autonomous as part of digitization and intelligentization in the construction machinery industry [1]. This shift towards unmanned excavation is not just a leap in operational efficiency and production capacity, especially in the mining sector, but also a step forward in worker safety by reducing exposure to hazardous conditions.

Preprint Article Version 1 This version is not peer-reviewed Version 1 : Received: 23 July 2024 / Approved: 23 July 2024 / Online: 24 July 2024 (13:11:52 CEST) Zhao, Q.; Gao, L.; Wu, D.; Meng, X.; Qi, J.; Jie, H. E-GTN: Advanced Terrain Sensing Framework for Enhancing Intelligent Decision Making of Excavators. Preprints 2024, 2024071871. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202407.1871.v1 Zhao, Q.; Gao, L.; Wu, D.; Meng, X.; Qi, J.; Jie, H.