Erfan Ranjbar

1. Introduction Active transportation, including walking, bicycling, and micromobility, is a rapidly expanding component of modern urban mobility systems [1]. Micromobility includes small, lightweight vehicles such as bicycles, e-bikes, and electric scooters that are typically used for short-distance travel. These modes of transportation are increasingly recognized for their potential to reduce congestion, lower emissions, and promote resilient urban transport solutions.

1. Introduction In the past decade, autonomous-vehicle (AV) technologies have become a central focus in transportation research and practice. Their potential safety benefits largely by reducing human error are widely recognized. In parallel, advances in wireless communications have made connecting vehicles in reliable, low-latency networks increasingly feasible. Rather than treating automation and connectivity as separate paths, recent work integrates them to improve overall traffic performance.