Fazhan Tao

Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. References 1 and , “Output-Feedback Stochastic Nonlinear Stabilization,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 44, no. 2 (1999): 328–333. 2 and , “Adaptive Output-Feedback Tracking of Stochastic Nonlinear Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 51, no. 2 (2006): 355–360.

1. Introduction The forest is one of the most vital ecological environments in the Earth’s biosphere, playing a crucial role in carbon sequestration, oxygen production, climate regulation, water conservation, and soil stabilization. Forest fires are natural disasters that are destructive, sudden, and difficult to extinguish. Once they occur, they can quickly spread to bushes or tree canopies, causing significant harm and loss to both humans and the entire forest ecosystem.

1 INTRODUCTION In the face of increasingly serious environmental and energy problems, electric vehicles have become the first choice to cope with the pressures of the environment and energy worldwide.1, 2 Due to the constraints of battery technology and the incomplete supporting facilities such as charging piles, it is yet difficult to popularize pure electric vehicles in the short term.3, 4 Therefore, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have become a popular short-term solution.