Fengcai Guo

1 Introduction In recent years, China’s dairy farming industry has experienced rapid development—with the national dairy cow stock increasing from 6.71 million head in 2015 to 8.52 million head in 2023, and the annual raw milk output rising from 35.31 million tons to 41.35 million tons over the same period—securing a pivotal position in animal husbandry. However, as dairy cattle populations increase, the industry is progressively transitioning toward intensification and large-scale operations.