Ganmin Yin

Abstract Climate change is intensifying urban heat risks, making green infrastructure crucial for heat-stress mitigation. Yet most assessments focus on greenspace coverage rather than realized cooling services, and rarely examine the divergence between the two, particularly in rapidly urbanizing countries. Using remote sensing data and spatial modeling across 29 Chinese cities, we quantified greenspace coverage, cooling efficiency (CE) and cooling capacity at 1-km resolution.

1 Introduction Urban greenspace is a major component of the urban natural environment, providing multiple benefits by mitigating the urban heat island effect (Massaro et al., 2023), improving air quality (Jiskra et al., 2018; Moradpour & Hosseini, 2020), and supporting residents' physical and mental health (Jianing Wang et al., 2024; Tzoulas et al., 2007). Sustainable Development Goal 11 (SDG 11) emphasizes the need to “provide universal access to greenspace for urban residents” (Cf, 2015).

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