Highlights • In Alzheimer’s-like pathology, a fraction of microglia undergo replicative senescence • Disease-associated microglia (DAM) display several features of senescence • Prevention of proliferation impairs the development of microglial senescence and DAMs • Prevention of microglial senescence leads to reduced amyloidosis and synaptic damage Summary The sustained proliferation of microglia is a key hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), accelerating its progression.