Grace Zhong

Abstract Symbiosis is everywhere, and "we have never been individuals". In animal-microbe symbioses, established symbionts are often thought to be confined to a specific cellular or tissue niche and generally lose their motile appendages such as flagella. However, whether the loss of motile appendages necessarily implies immobility within the animal host remains an open conundrum.

Highlights • Orally dosed milli-injector capsules enable nucleic acid delivery to swine stomachs • Branched hybrid poly(β-amino ester) mRNA NPs transfect cells with high efficiency • Systemic and gastric mRNA delivery is achieved using this formulation-device combo Summary Nucleic acids are enabling a new generation of therapeutics and vaccines to treat and prevent a range of diseases.