Hainuo Hong

Results To determine whether aboveground herbivory influences parasitoid attraction through plant-soil feedbacks, we established a two-phase experimental system (Figure 1A). During the conditioning phase, cowpea plants were either left uninfested (Control) or subjected to insect herbivory (Herbivory). In the subsequent feedback phase, soil conditioned by these treatments was used to grow new, uninfested cowpea plants, and behavioral responses of parasitoid N. formosa were assessed.