Huacui Xiang

As the demand for renewable energy and efficient energy storage systems rises, there is an urgent need to explore battery systems offering high energy density and long cycling stability [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]. Lithium batteries have become the primary solution due to their exceptional energy density and cycling performance.

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All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.