Il Ho Kim

Submitted: 18 November 2025 You are already at the latest version Minimally invasive facial procedures are widely performed in clinical medicine but re-main associated with severe complications such as necrosis or blindness, often resulting from insufficient anatomical understanding and limited procedural training. To address these challenges, this study developed an anatomically accurate clinical simulator for fa-cial injection training.

All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.