Ill HD

Personalized recommendation has become a dominant and widely adopted approach in various real-world applications, empowering users with tailored item suggestions that cater to their individual interests (Cheng et al., 2016; Fayyaz et al., 2020). The core task of a recommender system revolves around predictive modeling, which aims to predict the likelihood of user-item interactions, encompassing various forms of engagement like clicks, ratings, and purchases, among others.