István Barabás

You are already at the latest version A virtual model enables the study of reality in a virtual environment using a theoretical model, which is a digital image of a real model. The complexity of the virtual model must correspond to the reality of the evaluated system, becoming as complex as necessary nevertheless as simple as possible, allowing for computer simulation results to be vali-dated by experimental measurements.

1 Introduction Global climate change and energy crisis are increasingly attracting people’s attention (Gov, 2018), and the transportation is an important factor leading to energy consumption and carbon emissions (Li et al., 2023). Recent years, China’s car ownership has grown rapidly and has raised concerns about sustainable energy, transportation safety and climate change. According to statistics, China’s reliance on oil importation exceeded 65 percent by the end of 2017 (Gov, 2018).