Javaid Jabbar

INTRODUCTION In the paradigmatic case, transcriptional activation of protein-encoding genes by RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) entails several steps1–4. In an initial stage, enhancer-bound activators recruit a series of chromatin remodeling and modifying cofactors that together covalently modify histones for recognition by other factors and evict nucleosomes to expose DNA regulatory elements1–4.

1 INTRODUCTION Mitochondrial dynamics, encompassing fission and fusion processes, are crucial for maintaining cell health and energy production. These dynamic changes are critical for maintaining mitochondrial integrity, which is vital for metabolic regulation, apoptosis, synthesis of metabolites, production of reactive oxygen species, calcium homeostasis, and regulating immune response (Chen et al. 2023; Tilokani et al. 2018).