Jesse Farmer

Editor’s summary A distinguishing feature of the mostly warm surface of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean (EEP) is a “cold tongue” that extends thousands of kilometers to the west from Ecuador. This structure, formed by upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water from greater depths, has major impacts on both ocean biological productivity and climate.

Abstract The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) represents the world’s largest ocean-current system and affects global ocean circulation, climate and Antarctic ice-sheet stability1,2,3. Today, ACC dynamics are controlled by atmospheric forcing, oceanic density gradients and eddy activity4. Whereas palaeoceanographic reconstructions exhibit regional heterogeneity in ACC position and strength over Pleistocene glacial–interglacial cycles5,6,7,8, the long-term evolution of the ACC is poorly known.

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