José Ruipérez-Valiente

1 Introduction The rise of the internet has fundamentally transformed how individuals consume news and communicate, especially through social media. In societies valuing freedom of expression, individuals now frequently express and share their opinions, integrating this practice as a natural part of their routines.

ABSTRACT The spread of mis/disinformation, amplified and accelerated by the influence of digital technologies, along with the rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools, poses a growing threat that impacts both cybersecurity and wider societal stability, thereby prompting the need for broad and genuinely interdisciplinary analysis.

1 Introduction The emergence of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) has revolutionized the education field. These courses aim to democratize education by enabling asynchronous, remote learning, which is essential for many students [1]. By offering flexible schedules and the ability to learn from anywhere, MOOCs also provide opportunities for lifelong learning and continuous skill development [2].