1 Introduction Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease characterised by immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, resulting in lifelong absolute insulin deficiency and the need for continual day-to-day self-management to achieve and maintain safe glycaemic control [1-3]. In 2025, an estimated 9.5 million people are living with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) globally, with prevalence expected to reach 14.7 million by 2040 [4].