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Articles by Kai Cao
A structure-informed deep learning framework for modeling TCR-peptide-HLA interactions
Abstract Interactions between T cell receptors (TCRs), peptides, and human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) underlie antigen-specific T cell immunity. Despite substantial advances in prediction methods, accurate modeling of coupled TCR–peptide–HLA recognition remains underdeveloped, limiting applications such as TCR and neoepitope prioritization in cancer and antigen identification in autoimmunity.
Large-scale esophageal cancer screening through noncontrast computed tomography and artificial intelligence
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Abstract The absence of accurate, noninvasive, scalable screening tools keeps early esophageal cancer (EC) detection a global health challenge. Although noncontrast computed tomography (NC CT) is widely accessible, the esophagus is a hollow tubular structure prone to collapse and motion artifacts, making small early malignant lesions difficult to distinguish from normal tissue.
By Jian Zhou, Guangyu Guo, Jiawen Yao, Chunpeng Zheng, Xiaochen Feng, Xianghua Ye, Yongjin J. Zhou, Pei Yang, Lukas Lambert, Shaojun Zheng, Qiong Li, Yingda Xia, Wenchao Guo, yi chen, Mengdi Zhang, Yu Jiang, Dandan Zheng, Haomiao Qing, Peng Zhou, Mei Lan, Lei Wu, Yong Li, Haifeng Wang, Yong Zhou, Junqiang Chen, Liyan Xu, Chenying Lu, Lin Chen, Junwei Han, Chengwei Shao, Wenqiang Wei, Kai Zhang, Jianfeng Zhang, Dingwen Zhang, Jiansong Ji, Chuanmiao Xie, Kai Cao, Yuqian Zhao, Ling Zhang, Qifeng Wang, Qinji Yu, Wusong Liu
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Nature
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Pain management in chronic limb-threatening ischaemia: a multi-centre cross-sectional study
Abstract Background: Chronic limb-threatening ischaemia (CLTI), the most advanced form of peripheral arterial disease, is associated with severe ischaemic pain that profoundly affects quality of life. Despite this, pain management in CLTI has received limited research attention, particularly in China. We carried out a multi-centre cross-sectional study to assess pain severity, functional impact, and analgesic prescribing among hospitalised CLTI patients in Zhejiang Province.
Large-scale AI-guided liver malignancy diagnosis: multicenter study and a single-arm trial
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Abstract Liver malignancies are frequently evaluated on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CE-CT), but missed or delayed diagnoses remain a clinically important challenge in high-volume, real-world radiology workflows, highlighting the need for scalable diagnostic safety net approaches.
By Xiaoming Zhang, Xu Han, Xiaoli Yin, Jian Zhou, Kai Cao, Qi Liu, Beilei Cui, Qianqian Zhang, Jianyi Qiao, Ming Sun, Wei Liu, Yuan Z. Gao, Shiling Zhong, Ruobing Bai, Tianan Jiang, Olivier Humbert, Sébastien Ourselin, Ke Yan, Qi Zhang, Yang Hou, Tingbo Liang, Ling Zhang, Yu Shi, Chaoya Zhang, Yingshan Gao, Maria A. Zuluaga
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Nature
Verified
Methodology and enrollment findings of the Beijing adult dry eye cohort study
Abstract Background/objectives: To describe the design, methodology, and enrollment-stage baseline findings of the Beijing Adult Dry Eye Cohort (ADEC), a population-based cohort established to investigate the epidemiology and longitudinal natural history of dry eye disease (DED) in urban Beijing. Methods: ADEC is a population-based cohort conducted in Dongcheng District, Beijing.
Donor-specific HLA mismatch: haploidentical versus 7/8 mismatched unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation with PTCy
Comparative data between haploidentical and 7/8 mismatched unrelated donor (MMUD) hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT) in the post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) era remain limited, particularly when accounting for contemporary, high-resolution Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) features such as B-leader matching, DPB1 T-cell epitope (TCE) groups, and peptide-binding motif (PBM) classifications [1,2,3,4].
A follow-up study on visual display terminal use and dry eye disease in the Beijing Adult Dry Eye Cohort Study (ADEC) Original
Abstract To investigate the association between visual display terminal (VDT) usage frequency and the prevalence of dry eye disease (DED), ocular surface signs, and their trends over a 1-year follow-up among adults in Beijing. This prospective cohort study recruited 1040 adults (393 males, 647 females); with a mean age of 54.72 ± 17.99 years. Participants were categorised into three groups based on their VDT usage frequency: T1, T2, and T3.
A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to the Management of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting in Breast Cancer
Back to Journals » Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management » Volume 22 Authors Chen F, Cao K, Zhao X, Xia L, Liu M, Jiang Y Received 29 April 2026 Accepted for publication 24 June 2026 Published 9 July 2026 Volume 2026:22 620981 DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S620981 Checked for plagiarism Yes Review by Single anonymous peer review Peer reviewer comments 2 Editor who approved publication: Professor Garry Walsh Fang Chen,1 Kai Cao,2 Xiaoyan Zhao,2 Liping Xia,2 Meng Liu,2 Yifan Jiang2...
Early dopamine disruption in the entorhinal cortex of a knock-in model of Alzheimer’s disease
Abstract The entorhinal cortex is a critical brain area for memory formation, while also the region exhibiting the earliest histological and functional alterations in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The entorhinal cortex therefore has been long hypothesized as one of the originating brain areas of AD pathophysiology, although circuit mechanisms causing its selective vulnerability remain poorly understood.
Multidimensional factors influencing continuance usage intention of university library self-service systems: An empirical analysis based on an extended TAM-UTAUT
Loading metrics Open Access Peer-reviewed Research Article Citation: Cao K, Wang P, Zhang C, Zhao J (2026) Multidimensional factors influencing continuance usage intention of university library self-service systems: An empirical analysis based on an extended TAM-UTAUT. PLoS One 21(3): e0346014.
CT-Guided Dorsal Root Ganglion Pulsed Radiofrequency Alone, with Ozone, or with Platelet-Rich Plasma for Postherpetic Neuralgia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Back to Journals » Journal of Pain Research » Volume 19 Original Research Musculoskeletal Pain/Rehabilitation and Neuropathic Pain Authors Cao K , Wu J, Zhang J Received 24 March 2026 Accepted for publication 7 July 2026 Published 21 July 2026 Volume 2026:19 605629 DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S605629 Checked for plagiarism Yes Review by Single anonymous peer review Peer reviewer comments 5 Editor who approved publication: Professor King Hei Stanley Lam Kai Cao, Jie Wu, JiaLei Zhang...
Reduced relapse in high risk acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic neoplasms with permissive HLA-DPB1 mismatches and post-transplant cyclophosphamide | Leukemia
Abstract Disease progression, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and non-relapse mortality (NRM) are the main causes of failure after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (SCT) for myeloid neoplasms. T-cell epitope–based models classify HLA-DPB1 mismatches by permissiveness and have been associated with differential risks of GVHD, relapse, and NRM.
Development and explainable AI-driven characterization of a prognostic model for haploidentical transplantation outcomes - npj Digital Medicine
Abstract We developed a novel, explainable artificial intelligence (AI)-driven prognostic model using a contemporary single-centre cohort of 668 patients undergoing haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) with post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) prophylaxis (2015–2024) to define the hierarchy of prognostic factors for overall survival.
Multi-modal AI for opportunistic screening, staging and progression risk stratification of steatotic liver disease
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Abstract The global rise in steatotic liver disease poses a significant public health challenge. While non-contrast computed tomography scans hold promise for opportunistic detection of steatotic liver disease, their potential for staging and risk assessment remains underexplored.
By Yuan Gao Verified, Wanxing Chang, Bai Du, Xianghua Ye, Yingda Xia, Heng Guo, Xiaoming Zhang, Wei Liu, Ruobing Bai, Beibei Li, Jiawen Yao, Le Lu, Kai Cao, Ke Yan, Jun Chen, Jie Li, Yang Hou, Ling Zhang, Yu Shi
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Nature
Verified
Low‐Power Dual‐Functional Neuromorphic Optoelectronic Device Based on Bi4.15Nd0.85Ti3FeO15/ZnO Heterojunction
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Supporting Information Filename Description smll72541-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx16.5 MB Supporting File: smll72541-sup-0001-SuppMat.pdf.
Multi-objective land use optimization for enhanced urban livability using a NSGA-III-differential evolution algorithm
Ayuda Buscar en la ayuda Buscar en la ayuda Multi-objective land use optimization for enhanced urban livability using a NSGA-III-differential evolution algorithm Wang, Yian [1] ; Zhou, Xueqing [1] ; Cao, Kai [1] [1] Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation (Ministry of Natural Resources), Shenzhen, China Localización: Land use policy: The International Journal Covering All Aspects of Land Use, ISSN 0264-8377, ISSN-e 1873-5754, Nº.
Differences in Screening Indicator Performance for Primary Angle Closure and Primary Angle Closure Diseases: The Handan Eye Study
Keywords primary angle closure disease AS-OCT screening indicator Introduction Primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) is estimated to affect approximately 32 million people globally by 2040, with three-quarters of cases occurring in Asia.1 Additionally, PACG is often associated with a high incidence of unilateral blindness upon initial diagnosis and carries a threefold greater risk of severe bilateral visual impairment than primary open-angle glaucoma does.2 Since the disease is preventable...
Highly Conductive and Supertough PVDF‐Based Electrolytes with Self‐Defective Fillers for Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries
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DIF: Concepts, Measurement, and Impact in Patient-Focused Drug Development and Regulatory Decision-Making
Back to Journals » Drug Design, Development and Therapy » Volume 20 Authors Cao K , Liu W, Yang L , Luo M, Hou Y Received 24 November 2025 Accepted for publication 24 April 2026 Published 3 June 2026 Volume 2026:20 583986 DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S583986 Checked for plagiarism Yes Review by Single anonymous peer review Peer reviewer comments 3 Editor who approved publication: Professor Anastasios Lymperopoulos Kai Cao,1,2 Wei Liu,1 Lei Yang,1 Meimei Luo,1 Yan Hou1,3,4 1Department of...
The Prevalence of Chronic Diseases Among Older Chinese Adults in the Past 2 Decades: A Study Based on the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey, 2002‒2022 | AJPH | Vol. 115 Issue 12
Objectives. To comprehensively analyze the prevalence of chronic diseases (hypertension, lung disease, diabetes, stroke, cancer, and heart disease) among older Chinese people. Methods. This study utilized data from 5 waves (2002, 2005, 2008, 2018, and 2022) of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. We estimated prevalence rates using Poisson regression and Bayesian models from the DemoRates R-package and weighted according to the China population censuses. Results.
The westernmost Bronze Age oasis settlement in the Tarim Basin: excavating at the Aketala sites
Introduction The Tarim Basin functioned as a Eurasian crossroads for cultural and economic exchange (Beckwith Reference Beckwith2009; Hansen Reference Hansen2012). In its south-western sector, the Aketala sites formed a strategic conduit connecting the Tarim Basin of north-western China with the Pamir Plateau and Fergana Valley of central Asia (Høisæter Reference Høisæter2017) (Figure 1a). Figure 1.
Combination of vascular surgery with novel vascular targeting agents as cancer therapeutics
1 Introduction The vascular compartment of solid tumors functions not merely as a passive supply route but as a dynamic regulatory network that dictates tumor survival, invasiveness, and metastatic potential (1). Modern oncology has recognized the therapeutic potential of targeting this network, moving beyond classical cytotoxic chemotherapy toward molecularly targeted agents. This paradigm shift includes the development of agents designed to control pathological neovascularization (2).
Efficient Ion Migration and Stable Interface Chemistry of PVDF‐Based Electrolytes for Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries (Small 35/2025)
Ling Sun Chongqing Materials Research Institute Co., Ltd, Chongqing, 400707 China National Engineering Research Center for Instrument Functional Materials, Chongqing, 400707 China Search for more papers by this author
Multimodal analysis of clinical characteristics associated with myopic retinoschisis
Corresponding Author Ningli Wang Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, Zhengzhou, China Correspondence Ningli Wang and Yue Qi, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 1 Dong...
Synthesis of Radiolabeled and Stable‐Isotope Labeled Deucravacitinib (BMS‐986165)
Deucravacitinib (BMS-986165) is a small molecule allosteric inhibitor of tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) currently approved for the treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) is a member of the Janus (JAK) family of non-receptor kinases that modulate the production of inflammatory cytokines. The synthesis of 14C-radiolabeled and stable-isotope labeled variants of deucravacitinib is described in this publication.
Astronomical forcing in coal-bearing strata of the latest Carboniferous to earliest Permian in Anhui Province, southern North China
ABSTRACT The Late Palaeozoic period is known for containing coal-bearing strata on both land and in the sea, and for its potential influence on sea levels due to glaciation, particularly in North China. However, our understanding of the processes behind coal accumulation during this time is limited due to lack of a reliable timeframe.
Efficient Ion Migration and Stable Interface Chemistry of PVDF‐Based Electrolytes for Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries
Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Supporting Information Filename Description smll202501124-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx3.1 MB Supporting Information References 1, , , , Nat. Rev. Mater. 2019, 4, 312. 2, , , , Nat. Mater. 2022, 21, 1175. 3, , , , , , Nano Energy 2018, 46, 176. 4, , , , , , , , Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 4884. 5, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024, 146, 11371. 6, , , , , , , , Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1806082. 7, , , , , Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1907375.
Spatial Optimization of Urban Free‐Floating Bike Sharing Using the Regionalization‐Routing‐NSGA‐II Model
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. References , and . 2023. “Green Closed-Loop Supply Chain Networks’ Response to Various Carbon Policies During COVID-19.” Sustainability 15, no. 4: 3677. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043677. , , and . 2018. “Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Bike Sharing System: A Service-Level-Based Approach Under Censored Demand Observations.” Transportation Research Part E-Logistics and Transportation Review 116: 59–69.
Nexus Between Exposure to Natural Outdoor Environments and Cognitive Competence among Older Adults in China
Abstract With a rapidly aging population and an increasing number of older people with cognitive impairment, a multitude of social problems could arise. The natural outdoor environments (NOEs) surrounding residential areas are important environments as they directly influence the residents’ quality of life and even physical health. A plethora of studies have suggested the definitive impact of NOE on the physical and mental health of older people.
φ-OTDR Based on Dual-Band Nonlinear Frequency Modulation Probe
All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.
scCausalVI disentangles single-cell perturbation responses with causality-aware generative model
Abstract Single-cell RNA sequencing provides detailed insights into cellular heterogeneity and responses to external stimuli. However, distinguishing inherent cellular variation from extrinsic effects induced by external stimuli remains a major analytical challenge. Here, we present scCausalVI, a causality-aware generative model designed to disentangle these sources of variation.
Papillary Renal Neoplasm With Reverse Polarity: CT and MR Imaging Characteristics in 26 Patients
Abbreviations PRNRP (papillary renal neoplasm with reverse polarity) PRCC (papillary renal cell carcinoma) MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) CT (computed tomography) Key Words Papillary renal neoplasm with reverse polarity Kidney neoplasms Renal cell carcinoma Computed tomography Magnetic resonance imaging Get full text access Log in, subscribe or purchase for full access. REFERENCES 1. Chang, H.Y. ∙ Hang, J.F. ∙ Wu, C.Y. ...
Securing diagonal integration of multimodal single-cell data against ambiguous mapping
Abstract Recent advances in single-cell multimodal omics technologies enable the exploration of cellular systems at unprecedented resolution, leading to the rapid generation of multimodal datasets that require sophisticated integration methods. Diagonal integration has emerged as a flexible solution for integrating heterogeneous single-cell data without relying on shared cells or features.
Disturbing microtubule-endoplasmic reticulum dynamics by gold nanoclusters for improved triple-negative breast cancer treatment
Disturbing microtubule-endoplasmic reticulum dynamics by gold nanoclusters for improved triple-negative breast cancer treatment† Microtubules are highly dynamic structures, and their dynamic instability is indispensable for not only cell growth and movement, but also stress responses, such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress.
Induction of Non-Canonical Ferroptosis by Targeting Clusters Suppresses Glioblastoma
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Marine Drugs | Free Full-Text | Enhanced Production of High-Value Porphyrin Compound Heme by Metabolic Engineering Modification and Mixotrophic Cultivation of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803
All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.
HLA Factors versus Non-HLA Factors for Haploidentical Donor Selection
Abstract When multiple haploidentical donors are available for transplantation, those of younger generations are generally selected over those of older generations. However, it is unclear who is the optimal donor when selecting candidates from within a generation, such as father versus mother, son versus daughter, or brother versus sister.
Minerals | Free Full-Text | Petrogenesis of Carboniferous-Permian Granitoids in the Kumishi Area of Tianshan, China: Insights into the Geodynamic Evolution Triggered by Subduction and Closure of the South Tianshan Ocean
All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.
From the Formation of Conceptual Framework to Regulatory Decision-maki
Background The concept of “patient-focused drug development (PFDD)” was formally proposed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2012,1 and a PFDD team was established in the same year to encourage patients to participate in the research and development (R&D) decision-making process.2 By the end of 2023, the US FDA held 195 special meetings for various diseases,3 all of which invited patients to participate and solicit their opinions. PFDD is increasingly valued by global drug R&D.
The Design and Fabrication of Engineered Tubular Tissue Constructs Enabled by Electrohydrodynamic Fabrication Techniques: A Review
1 Introduction Tubular structures are prevalent in organisms, illustrating their vital role and functionality in various biological systems such as the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, urinary system, and gastrointestinal tract.[1-3] However, these tubular structures are prone to various diseases and conditions that can result in tissue or organ dysfunction.
Effective cataract surgical coverage in China: results from the China National Eye Health Study (CNEHS)
The authors have declared no competing interest. This study did not receive any funding I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: Ethics committee of Beijing Tongren Hospital gave ethical approval for this work.
A new classification for emergency critically ill patients and analysis of their adverse events during intrahospital transport: A cluster analysis
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Biomass Estimation of Milk Vetch Using UAV Hyperspectral Imagery and Machine Learning
All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.
Design and Fabrication of Fibrous Spindle‐Like Constructs Using a Melt Electrohydrodynamic Writing Process
1 Introduction Advanced manufacturing has contributed to fabricating realistic models of the human muscle that enable the relatively understudied muscle tissue to be observed in the laboratory setting. Such in vitro models serve to augment both the understanding of how muscle tissues function under normal physiological conditions as well as what biological processes go awry in the context of muscle disease and injury.
Association between contrast sensitivity function and structural damage in primary open-angle glaucoma
RP and JP are joint first authors. RP and JP contributed equally. Contributors NW contributed to design, acquisition of funding and general supervision of the research group. RP and JP contributed to design, analysis of results, collection of data and drafting of the manuscript. KC contributed to the data analysis. Z-LL contributed to the manuscript revision. YS, X-TP and DY contributed to the collection of data. NW is responsible for the overall content as the guarantor.
Color Generation and Polarization-Sensitive Encryption by Laser Writing on Plasmonic Reflector Arrays
RETURN TO ARTICLES ASAPPREVFunctional Nanostruc...Functional Nanostructured Materials (including low-D carbon)NEXT Xuran Zhou School of Science, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China , Huaxin Zhu School of Science, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China , Kai Cao School of Science, Jiangsu...
Ab interno canaloplasty versus gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy in open-angle glaucoma: a randomised controlled trial
Abstract Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of ab interno canaloplasty (ABiC) with gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy (GATT) in patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG). Method This randomised clinical trial recruited eyes with OAG and no previous incisional ocular surgery, among which 38 were randomised to ABiC and 39 to GATT. Follow-ups were performed at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively.
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