A multidimensional framework for cardiac aging: the A×G×E×D model Cardiac aging arises through the interplay of multiple biological axes that determine cardiac vulnerability and resilience. We define this as the A×G×E×D framework, reflecting the convergence of four axes: age (A), genetics (G), environment (E), and drug (D) exposure (Figure 1). Figure 1 Integrating age, genetics, environment, and drug exposure through new approach methodologies to model cardiac pathophysiology and heterogeneity.
