Water science researcher Callum Fleming in the Wollangambe River, deep within the World Heritage area. Credit: Ian Wright, Author provided For more than 40 years, an underground coal mine discharged poorly treated wastewater directly into the Wollangambe River, which flows through the heart of the Blue Mountains World Heritage area. Much of this spectacular wild river was chronically polluted, with dangerously high levels of zinc and nickel. Few animals were able to survive there.