Leong Jing Yao

). Early-life microbial colonization has been established as a crucial factor mediating immune development, metabolism, behavior, and disease tolerance. We have shown that the process of microbial-immune interaction starts The past few decades of research advances have provided substantial evidence of the human being a holobiont, co-evolving with its microbial counterparts ( in utero, where exposure to microbes contributes to the priming of the fetal immune system ( ).