Lufengzi Yuan

1 Introduction Type 1 diabetes (T1D), also known as autoimmune diabetes, is an organ-specific autoimmune disease precipitated by immune-associated destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells.[1] T1D can lead to hyperglycemia-related microvascular complications and cardiovascular diseases, which primarily account for the shorter life expectancy among T1D patients.[2] However, there is currently no cure available for T1D. Most of the patients have to rely on lifelong insulin injections.