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Articles by Malcolm Walter
The Origin of Earth's Oceans: Where Did the Water Come From?
By: Malcolm Walter FROM Earth has more oceans than land. Of course, there is also a lot of water locked up as ice at the North and South Poles. Also read: Why Are the World’s Oceans Changing Color? Where all that water comes from is a very good question. Scientists have long wondered about this. We still don’t know for sure, but it’s likely that the water came from two places. Let’s start with how Earth and other planets were formed.
Dari mana datangnya lautan dan bagaimana terbentuknya?
Di Bumi terdapat lebih banyak lautan daripada daratan. Tentu saja, ada juga banyak air yang terkurung sebagai es di Kutub Utara dan Kutub Selatan. Dari mana semua air itu berasal adalah pertanyaan yang sangat bagus. Para ilmuwan telah lama bertanya-tanya tentang hal ini. Kita masih belum tahu pasti, tapi kemungkinan air itu berasal dari dua tempat. Mari kita mulai dari bagaimana Bumi dan planet-planet lain terbentuk. Pada awalnya, di alam semesta terdapat awan debu dan bebatuan yang sangat besar.
Astrobiology | Vol 21, No 1
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Terrestrial Hot Spring Systems: Introduction
1. Introduction Terrestrial hot springs harbor diverse and abundant microbial communities. They are the “tropical rain forests” of the microbial world. They are also potent chemical reactors and the sites of profuse mineral deposition that preserves those communities into the geological record. Many springs are the surface manifestations of subterranean “epithermal” mineral deposits and as such are exploration targets for gold in particular.
Space tourism economics – financing and regulating trips to the final frontier
American engineer and businessman Dennis Tito paid US$20m in 2001 to become the world’s first official space tourist. He travelled to the International Space Station (ISS) on a Russian Soyuz capsule and then spent eight days on board, prompting some debate about the appropriateness of using the facility for financial gain. Since Tito, six other commercial passengers have visited the ISS – each on Soyuz spacecraft at US$20m a piece.
Discovered: a huge liquid water lake beneath the southern pole of Mars
We now know that there is permanent liquid water on Mars, according to a paper published today in the journal Science. This new finding comes from research using the Mars Express spacecraft that has been orbiting the red planet since December 25, 2003. One of the suite of instruments carried by Mars Express is MARSIS (the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding), which allows researchers to use radar to study features beneath the planet’s surface.
How to grow crops on Mars if we are to live on the red planet
Preparations are already underway for missions that will land humans on Mars in a decade or so. But what would people eat if these missions eventually lead to the permanent colonisation of the red planet? Once (if) humans do make it to Mars, a major challenge for any colony will be to generate a stable supply of food. The enormous costs of launching and resupplying resources from Earth will make that impractical.
Who owns the moon? A space lawyer answers
Most likely, this is the best-known picture of a flag ever taken: Buzz Aldrin standing next to the first U.S. flag planted on the Moon. For those who knew their world history, it also rang some alarm bells. Only less than a century ago, back on Earth, planting a national flag in another part of the world still amounted to claiming that territory for the fatherland. Did the Stars and Stripes on the moon signify the establishment of an American colony?
Curious Kids: How was the ocean formed? Where did all the water come from?
This is an article from Curious Kids, a series for children. The Conversation is asking kids to send in questions they’d like an expert to answer. All questions are welcome – serious, weird or wacky! You might also like the podcast Imagine This, a co-production between ABC KIDS listen and The Conversation, based on Curious Kids. On Earth there is more ocean than land. Of course, there is also a lot of water locked up as ice at the North and South Poles.
Curious Kids: How was the ocean formed? Where did all the water come from?
This is an article from Curious Kids, a series for children. The Conversation is asking kids to send in questions they’d like an expert to answer. All questions are welcome – serious, weird or wacky! You might also like the podcast Imagine This, a co-production between ABC KIDS listen and The Conversation, based on Curious Kids. On Earth there is more ocean than land. Of course, there is also a lot of water locked up as ice at the North and South Poles.
Plan to bring back rocks from Mars is our best bet for finding clues of past life
Sitting with 200 people at the International Mars Sample Return Conference in Berlin recently to discuss the feasibility of bringing samples back from Mars to Earth, I remember the first such conference in Paris ten years ago. Many of the same people were present again, older and possibly wiser, but certainly more grey or bald. And they were just as enthusiastic as a decade ago. But one thing had changed dramatically: the information we were sharing.
The new space race: why we need a human mission to Mars
If we want to know whether there is life beyond Earth then the quickest way to answer that question is to explore Mars. That exploration is currently being done by remote space probes sent from Earth. The race is on though to send human explorers to Mars and a number of Earth-bound projects are trying to learn what life would be like on the red planet.
Corrigendum: Earliest signs of life on land preserved in ca. 3.5 Ga hot spring deposits
The original manuscript presented evidence that the deposits studied were fluvial rather than marine to support the conclusion that evidence of life on land had been discovered in the 3.4 Ga Dresser Formation, Pilbara Craton, Australia. The authors acknowledge that the following reference, which was omitted, should have been cited to provide more detailed sedimentological and stratigraphic evidence that the deposits studied were indeed fluvial rather than marine. Djokic, T.
The new space race: why we need a human mission to Mars
If we want to know whether there is life beyond Earth then the quickest way to answer that question is to explore Mars. That exploration is currently being done by remote space probes sent from Earth. The race is on though to send human explorers to Mars and a number of Earth-bound projects are trying to learn what life would be like on the red planet.
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