Manimagalay Chetty

1 Introduction Production and utilisation of renewable energy are nationally and globally entailed by the cooperative effect of climate change and the continuous fossil fuel price increase, not to mention the progressive depletion of fossil fuel resources in the world [1, 2]. The energy consumption is also increasing; therefore, more ways to produce energy need to be investigated. This leads to the shift toward alternative renewable energy resources.

1. Introduction Industrial wastewater, a byproduct of virtually all manufacturing processes, often contains chemical contaminants and reagents, leading to significant environmental pollution and adverse effects on human health when discharged untreated into surface water bodies [,].

1 INTRODUCTION Energy demand has increased due to developments and advances in the building, transport and industrial sectors.1 However, fossil fuels are the predominant energy source, constituting about 80% of the total world's energy supply. The principal use of fossil fuels has increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and adverse environmental effects.2 Efforts are being made to find alternative renewable fuel sources to reduce fossil fuels' environmental and economic consequences.