Mario Baratta

This version is not peer-reviewed. Paolo Cornale,Roberto Senatore,Luca Maria Battaglini,Mario Baratta  * Paolo Cornale,Roberto Senatore,Luca Maria Battaglini,Mario Baratta  * Submitted: 21 October 2025 You are already at the latest version Extensive livestock systems in the Alps are central to biodiversity, rural livelihoods, and cultural heritage, but are increasingly threatened by climate change.

1. Introduction Over the past decades, there has been an increase in online educational resources available for higher education [1,2] as well for veterinary medical education [3,4]. Along with traditional learning sources such as textbooks and face-to-face lectures, veterinary students are increasingly using electronic devices and a plethora of online material for integrating their learning [3,5].

ORIGINAL ARTICLE Summary Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used therapeutically in equine medicine. MSCs release extracellular vesicles (EVs), which affect cell processes by inhibiting cell apoptosis and regulating inflammation. To date, little is known about equine EVs and their regenerative properties. Objectives To characterise equine MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and evaluate their effect on equine chondrocytes treated with pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro.